A new study, published in Psychiatry Research, has concluded that psychiatric diagnoses are scientifically worthless as tools to identify discrete mental health disorders.
The study, led by researchers from the University of Liverpool, involved a detailed analysis of five key chapters of the latest edition of the widely used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), on ‘schizophrenia’, ‘bipolar disorder’, ‘depressive disorders’, ‘anxiety disorders’ and ‘trauma-related disorders’.
Diagnostic manuals such as the DSM were created to provide a common diagnostic language for mental health professionals and attempt to provide a definitive list of mental health problems, including their symptoms.
The main findings of the research were:
• Psychiatric diagnoses all use different decision-making rules
• There is a huge amount of overlap in symptoms between diagnoses
• Almost all diagnoses mask the role of trauma and adverse events
• Diagnoses tell us little about the individual patient and what treatment they need
The authors conclude that diagnostic labelling represents ‘a disingenuous categorical system’.
Lead researcher Dr Kate Allsopp, University of Liverpool, said: “Although diagnostic labels create the illusion of an explanation they are scientifically meaningless and can create stigma and prejudice. I hope these findings will encourage mental health professionals to think beyond diagnoses and consider other explanations of mental distress, such as trauma and other adverse life experiences.”
Professor Peter Kinderman, University of Liverpool, said: “This study provides yet more evidence that the biomedical diagnostic approach in psychiatry is not fit for purpose. Diagnoses frequently and uncritically reported as ‘real illnesses’ are in fact made on the basis of internally inconsistent, confused and contradictory patterns of largely arbitrary criteria. The diagnostic system wrongly assumes that all distress results from disorder, and relies heavily on subjective judgments about what is normal.”
Professor John Read, University of East London, said: “Perhaps it is time we stopped pretending that medical-sounding labels contribute anything to our understanding of the complex causes of human distress or of what kind of help we need when distressed.”
The full study, entitled ‘Heterogeneity in psychiatric diagnostic classification’, can be found here.
In experiments in mice, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers say they have found additional evidence that Parkinson’s disease originates among cells in the gut and travels up the body’s neurons to the brain. The study, described in the June issue of the journal Neuron, offers a new, more accurate model in which to test treatments that could prevent or halt Parkinson’s disease progression.
“These findings provide further proof of the gut’s role in Parkinson’s disease, and give us a model to study the disease’s progression from the start,” says Ted Dawson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering and professor of neurology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the buildup of a misfolded protein, called alpha-synuclein, in the cells of the brain. As more of these proteins begin to clump together, they cause nerve tissues to die off, leaving behind large swaths of dead brain matter known as Lewy bodies. As brain cells die, they impair a person’s ability to move, think or regulate emotions.The new study builds off observations made in 2003 by German neuroanatomist Heiko Braak that showed people with Parkinson’s disease also had accumulations of the misfolded alpha-synuclein protein in the parts of the central nervous system that control the gut. The appearance of these neuron-damaging proteins is consistent with some early symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, which include constipation, says Hanseok Ko, Ph.D., associate professor of neurology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Braak hypothesized that Parkinson’s disease advanced up the nerves connecting the gut and the brain like going up a ladder.
A growing body of evidence has implicated the gut-brain connection in initiating Parkinson’s disease. The researchers were most curious whether the misfolded alpha-synuclein protein could travel along the nerve bundle known as the vagus nerve, which runs like an electrical cable from the stomach and small intestine into the base of the brain.
To test this, the researchers injected 25 micrograms of synthetic misfolded alpha-synuclein created in the lab into the guts of dozens of healthy mice. The researchers sampled and analyzed the mouse brain tissue at one, three, seven and 10 months after injection. Over the course of the 10 month experiment, the researchers saw evidence that the alpha-synuclein began building where the vagus nerve connected to the gut and continued to spread through all parts of the brain.
The researchers then conducted a similar experiment, but this time surgically cut the vagus nerve in one group of mice and injected their guts with the misfolded alpha-synuclein. Upon examination at seven months, the researchers found that mice with severed vagus nerves showed none of the signs of cell death found in mice with intact vagus nerves. The severed nerve appeared to halt the misfolded protein’s advances, says Dawson.
The researchers then investigated whether these physical differences in Parkinson’s disease progression resulted in behavioral changes. To do this, they evaluated the behavior of three groups: mice injected with misfolded alpha-synuclein, mice injected with misfolded alpha-synuclein with cut vagus nerves, and control mice with no injection and intact vagus nerves. The researchers looked at tasks they commonly used to distinguish signs of mouse Parkinson’s disease, including nest building and exploring new environments.
The researchers first observed the mice build nests in their enclosure as a test for fine motor dexterity, which is commonly affected by Parkinson’s disease in humans. Healthy mice often make large, dense mounds in which to burrow. Smaller, messier nests are often signs of problems with motor control.
Seven months after injection, the researchers provided the mice with nesting materials and observed their nest building behavior for 16 hours, scoring their capabilities on a scale of 0–6. They found that mice that received the misfolded alpha-synuclein injection scored consistently lower on nest building.
While the control and severed vagus nerve groups consistently scored 3 or 4 on the nest building scale, mice that received the misfolded alpha-synuclein scored lower than 1. Also, while most mice used the entire 2.5 grams of material provided, the group of mice that received the alpha-synuclein injection used less than half a gram of the nesting material. In ways similar to Parkinson’s disease symptoms in humans, the mice’s fine motor control deteriorated as the disease progressed, says Ko.
In another experiment analyzing the mice for symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease in humans, the researchers measured anxiety levels of the mice by monitoring how they responded to new environments.
For this test, the researchers placed the mice in a large open box where a camera could track their exploration. Healthy mice are curious and will spend time investigating every part of a new environment. However, mice affected by cognitive decline are more anxious, causing them to be more likely to stay toward the sheltered edges of a box.
The research team found that control mice and mice that had their vagus nerves cut to protect against Parkinson’s disease spent between 20 and 30 minutes exploring the center of the box. On the other hand, mice that received the misfolded alpha-synuclein injection but had intact vagus nerves spent less than five minutes exploring the center of the box and moved mostly around the borders, indicating higher anxiety levels, which the researchers report are consistent with symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
Overall, the results of this study show that misfolded alpha-synuclein can be transmitted from the gut to the brain in mice along the vagus nerve, and blocking the transmission route could be key to preventing the physical and cognitive manifestations of Parkinson’s disease.
“This is an exciting discovery for the field and presents a target for early intervention in the disease,” says Dawson.
Next, the researchers say, they plan to explore what parts of the vagus nerve allow the misfolded protein to climb to the brain, and to investigate potential mechanisms to stop it.
Other researchers involved in the study include Sangjune Kim, Seung-Hwan Kwon, Seung Pil Yun and Saebom Lee of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation; Tae-In Kam, Nikhil Panicker, Sethilkumar Karuppagounder, Woonjoong Richard Kim, Minjee Kook, Hojae Lee, Gabsang Lee, Catherine Foss, Subhash Kulkarni, Pankaj Pasricha, Martin Pomper and Valina Dawson of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and Chentian Shen of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital.
This work was supported by the JPB foundation, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS38377, NS082205 and NS098006) and the Morris K. Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center.
Scientific research shows that ginger offers a variety of therapeutic properties. One of the herb’s many uses includes its ability to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal distress, including seasickness.
Previous studies show that ginger actually treats motion sickness better than some over-the-counter prescription drugs. The herb’s ability to relieve nausea, dizziness, vomiting and cold sweating makes it a popular choice for treating the upset stomach frequently experienced by expectant mothers.
This flowering plant also contains potent anti-inflammatory compounds called gingerols, a substance that can help reduce pain in people with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, even improving their mobility when consumed regularly.
The benefits of ginger are endless
Researchers from the University of Minnesota’s Hormel Institute found that gingerols may inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer cells, after providing the herb to mice specifically bred to lack an immune system. Scientists fed the mice half a milligram of gingerol three times a week before injecting them with human colorectal cancer cells.
After 15 days, 13 tumors were found in the control group and four tumors were identified in the group that received gingerol. By day 38, one mouse in the gingerol-receiving group still had no measurable tumors; however, all 49 of the control group mice had to be euthanized because their tumors had grown to one cubic centimeter.
Bringing ginger to the table
It’s clear that ginger has amazing healing capabilities similar to those of turmeric; it’s another one of those herbs that work both medicinally and also as a staple in many fine-tasting cuisines.
Ginger is incredibly versatile, meaning it can be used in many types of food. One of the most popular uses of ginger is for desserts. Ginger cookies, gingerbread, ginger waffles and even cocktails are just a few sweets you can make using this herb.
Buzz Feed provides the perfect list of delicious recipes, some of which include maple-ginger roasted pork tenderloin, ginger-chicken meatballs with Chinese broccoli, ginger-apple pumpkin soup and ginger-garlic cocktail meatballs.
Growing ginger in your garden
Luckily, keeping fresh ginger around the house is a lot easier than you might think. This herb is super easy and low maintenance to grow.
Some conditions that ginger absolutely loves are a sheltered spot to grow, filtered sunlight, warm weather, humidity, and rich, moist and loose soil. Ginger does not thrive well in frosts, direct sunlight, strong winds or soggy, waterlogged soil.
While commonly called “ginger root,” the part that we actually harvest and eat is called a rhizome. The best way to start a ginger plant is to get a rhizome from a friend; however if you can’t go that route, you can purchase one at the grocery store. Make sure to select a rhizome that’s fresh and plump.
It may be a good idea to soak store-bought ginger root in water overnight, as it may have been treated with a growth retardant. However, if borrowed from a friend, let it dry for 24–48 hours before planting into a medium-sized, well draining pot.
Good soil and compost are critical for starting a ginger plant. It’s also important for the plant to be free draining so it doesn’t become waterlogged. A nutrient rich compost will keep ginger moist.
It’s best to plant ginger in the late winter or early spring where it’s protected from wind and can receive indirect sunlight. Mature ginger requires eight to 10 months of growing; however, some say you can begin stealing tiny bits of root around four months. The best time to harvest is when the leaves die down.
When your ginger plant is ready to harvest, simply use a small shovel to dislodge the root, separating part of it for use. You can replant it right away and/or keep the rest for the kitchen. Ginger keeps best if you keep it in the plant’s natural casing; however, you can also peel, chop and freeze it.
The cure for cancer can come from the very substance that sustained us during the earliest stage of our lives. Scientists accidentally discovered that a substance in breast milk could be the answer to killing tumor cells. Nicknamed Hamlet (Human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells), the possible cancer cure reportedly attacked cancer cells without harming healthy cells. Moreover, it doesn’t have any of the crippling side effects of chemotherapy.
By Shivani shrivastav (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0)]
The surprise discovery triggered further studies to find out if Hamlet could have similar effects on patients with cervical and bowel cancer after trials on bladder cancer patients yielded positive results. Hamlet — a protein called alpha-lactalbumin — helped patients shed off dead tumor cells days after treatment.
“We were looking for novel antimicrobial agents, and new breast milk is a very good source of these. During one experiment we needed human cells and bacteria to be present, and we chose human tumor cells for practical reasons,” said Professor Catharina Svanborg, Immunologist at Lund University in Sweden and main proponent of the study.
Once it hit the gut, Hamlet attacked cancer cells by side-stepping the cells’ outer defenses and going for the mitochondria, which is the cell’s power station. After that, it proceeded to the nucleus, cutting off the cell’s energy source, resulting in apoptosis, which is suicide for cells.
“To our amazement, when we added this compound of milk, the tumor cells died. It was a totally serendipitous discovery,” added Professor Svanborg, who had been studying breast milk for the past two decades. She and post-graduate student Anders Hakansson were initially experimenting with breast milk to figure out how it fights off germs when they made the discovery.
According to an article on Telegraph.co.uk, they were startled to discover that cancer cells started disappearing. Upon closer look, they found out that the breast milk was making the cells die. They repeated the experiment and came up with the same result. They were using non-cancerous cells in previous experiments and in those times, the cells didn’t die. Similarly, in-vitro experiments proved that alpha-lactalbumin produced a protein-lipid complex that killed cancer cells.
Svanborg patented the discovery and published her work, only to be met with skepticism. But years of continuous research helped her break new grounds and slowly win over critics. Her team has now gathered conclusive scientific data that show Hamlet can kill more than 40 cancers.
The tests were conducted on humans and animals. They discovered that Hamlet limited the development of brain tumor and bladder and colon cancer in mice. In a human test, nine bladder cancer patients were administered with Hamlet a week before surgery. The result: Eight patients passed tumor cells in their urine two hours after the treatment.
Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the country. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 600,920 Americans are expected to succumb to the disease in 2017. That’s more than 1,000 patients per day.
On the other side of the globe, Metro.co.uk published a story about a cancer patient currently drinking breast milk in hopes of curing his disease. Fred Whitelaw, 64, was diagnosed with bowel cancer back in 2015. His daughter, Jill Turner, who had given birth in October, read about breast milk’s purported effects on cancer cells. She started giving her dad excess breast milk. Although there’s still no definite scientific results, Whitelaw believes he’s at the point where he has nothing to lose.
The game-changing discovery provides hope for all cancer patients. Svanborg’s team has already discovered how to mass produce a synthetic form of Hamlet, which means it can now be developed into a treatment.
(Natural News) I almost never thought I’d see the day when a Big Pharma founder and owner was finally arrested for running a criminal drug cartel, but that day has arrived.
“Federal authorities arrested the billionaire founder and owner of Insys Therapeutics Thursday on charges of bribing doctors and pain clinics into prescribing the company’s fentanyl product to their patients,” reports the Daily Caller News Foundation, one of the best sources of real journalism in America today.
Addictive drugs that include opioids, we now know, are claiming over 64,000 lives a year in the United States alone.
From the DCNF:
The Department of Justice (DOJ) charged John Kapoor, 74, and seven other current and former executives at the pharmaceutical company with racketeering for a leading a national conspiracy through bribery and fraud to coerce the illegal distribution of the company’s fentanyl spray, which is intended for use as a pain killer by cancer patients. The company’s stock prices fell more than 20 percent following the arrests, according to the New York Post.
Kapoor stepped down as the company’s CEO in January amid ongoing federal probes into their Subsys product, a pain-relieving spray that contains fentanyl, a highly-addictive synthetic opioid. Fentanyl is more than 50 times stronger than morphine, and ingesting just two milligrams is enough to cause an adult to fatally overdose.
The series of arrests came just hours after President Donald Trump officially declared the country’s opioid epidemic a national emergency. Drug overdoses led to 64,070 deaths in 2016, which is more than the amount of American lives lost in the entire Vietnam War.
As the opioid crisis has developed, more and more states have begun holding doctors and opioid manufacturers accountable for over-prescribing and over-producing the highly-addictive painkillers.
“We will be bringing some major lawsuits against people and companies that are hurting our people,” Trump said Thursday. He also spoke about a program similar to Nancy Reagan’s “Just Say No” initiative.
“More than 20,000 Americans died of synthetic opioid overdoses last year, and millions are addicted to opioids. And yet some medical professionals would rather take advantage of the addicts than try to help them,” Attorney General Jeff Sessions said in a statement. “This Justice Department will not tolerate this. We will hold accountable anyone – from street dealers to corporate executives — who illegally contributes to this nationwide epidemic. And under the leadership of President Trump, we are fully committed to defeating this threat to the American people.
President Trump is bringing the war to Big Pharma’s doorstep
Under President Trump, who continues to fight to end the drug cartels and health care monopolies that are destroying this nation, we may see more and more drug companies finally facing the legal scrutiny they deserve for engaging in the mass medical murder of Americans with dangerous, deadly drugs.
And then there’s the question of vaccines, the autism cover-up and the criminal racket run by the CDC, Big Pharma and the lying mainstream media. When that medical fraud and corruption scandal blows sky-high, we may see dozens of pharmaceutical officials going to prison.
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Truth Nourishment: Extracts, Supplements, Shakes and more
Truth Nourishment: Extracts, Supplements, Shakes and more Products to Benefit Health. Nourish: noun
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Pharmacist Ben Fuchs and Alex discuss breast cancer, and Angelina Jolie’s recent double mastectomy. The brilliant German biochemist Dr. Otto Warburg discovered that deficiencies in oxygen make cells cancerous. (See: What Really Causes Cancer) In this video interview, Alex makes the observation “If you have brain cancer, why not have your brain removed?” Predisposed to ovarian cancer? Take out your ovaries! Predisposed to breast cancer? Let’s hack them off. When you have surgery to remove your breasts, your body goes through the same trauma as if a wild animal were eating you. This whole thing with Angelina Jolie is like a poster child for the utter insanity of the modern medical model. The BRCA gene mutations occur secondary to maternal malnutrition, when the baby is in the womb. A double mastectomy is one of the most severe and traumatic surgical procedures a human being can undergo, all in response to a mutation in her genetics that is secondary to lifestyle issues. Epigenetics is all about nutritional and lifestyle factors that are transcendent to genetics. It’s the environment that the genes are in! Watch the video for more information and details.
Ben Fuchs’ “8 Chapters of Good Nutrition” presentation on video is full of pearls of wisdom. Pharmacist Ben is a well informed and dynamic speaker. He teaches nutrition in a way anyone can comprehend. Easy going, and easy to listen to, Ben can hold your attention while dishing out eye opening insights into foods for the human body and soul. It’s worth tearing yourself away from the daily duties for a few minutes. It might improve the quality of your life while adding a few years to it as well. What are the 8 Chapters? 1) Proteins 2) Fats 3) Carbohydrates 4) Fiber 5) Water 6) Vitamins 7) Minerals 8) Trace Nutrients The human body is amazing. We have the potential to be strong and healthy, given the knowledge and raw materials to do so. Ben has been doing a lot of the hard work for us, and packaged it for your consumption. Lot’s of invaluable information at no cost. Topics & Notes Don’t get your health and nutrition information form mainstream sources. Get it from alternative information sources like the Townsend Letters. Pharmaceutical drugs are a leading cause of death. Ben and the Blistex lab. The benefits of supplements for skin. The skin is your digestive system inside out. The dumbest thing you can use for dry skin is moisturizer. The day Ben started his own pharmacy. A nutritional compounding pharmacy that specializes in skin. The code of life. Spiritual, mental, emotional, physical. 125,000,000 miles of DNA in your body. Protein. From the Greek, “of primary importance”. The gears that run the machinery. Fatty cucumbers and oil on your salad. The medicine is bitter. Eat the peel. Look for pigments. Beer and your hair. If you are missing these 2 minerals, you are now deficient in 500 different chemical reactions in your body. Some of the other topics covered are: Whey protein, Eggs, Essential Fatty Acids, Fat, Hormones, Master Hormones, Receptors, Thyroid, Diabetes, Hot Flashes, Menopausal Symptoms, Arthritis, Prednisone, Cholesterol, Cravings, Carbohydrates, Sugars, Fiber, Flax Xenoestrogens, Water, Electricity, B Vitamins, Vitamin D, Sun, Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, Iodine, and Breast Cancer. Curious yet? Book Description Product Description Get the skinny on fats! “Fats that Heal-Fats that Kill” brings you the most current research on common and less well-known oils with therapeutic potential, including flaxseed oil, olive oil, fish oil, evening primrose oil and more. Author Udo Erasmus also exposes the manufacturing processes that turn healing fats into killing fats, explains the effects of these damaging fats on human health, and furnishes information that enables you to choose health-promoting oils. 456 pages. Fats That Heal, Fats That Kill: The Complete Guide to Fats, Oils, Cholesterol and Human Health
Pharmacist Ben Fuchs interviews Dr. Joel Wallach in this 5 part series, covering topics about Amazing Discoveries In Health, Essential Life Minerals, Statin Drugs, & The Best Diet. In the first video you will get to know a little about both Doctor Wallach and Pharmacist Ben and how they became involved in health and nutrition. Ben mentions getting a tape in the mail titled “Dead Doctors Don’t Lie”, in the 1990s! In part 2, they go into epigenetics[1], how it relates to nutrition and genetics. Thiamine[2] deficiency and the heart. Part 3 covers one of Ben’s favorite minerals, selenium. How selenium is involved with the thyroid, and diabetes. All the different benefits of this incredible mineral. They talk about many related topics from AIDS to MS, to the common cold. Dr. Wallach shares enlightening information about Colloidal[3] Minerals. Dr. Wallach discusses new information about Statin drugs in part 4. He also talks about the incredible edible egg. Is it the perfect food? What about grains and gluten? Watch part 4 and learn the answer to these questions. The US spends more money for healthcare than any other nation, yet has the most obesity. What’s going on? Pharmacist Ben and Dr. Wallach discuss diet and nutrition in Part 5 of this 5 part series. Pharmacist and Doctor Speak Out Part I of V Doctor’s Amazing Discoveries In Health Part II of V Doctor Shares The Secret of Essential Life Minerals Part III of V Doctor Unloads on Statin Drugs Part IV of V Doctor and Pharmacist Break Down The Best Diet Part V of V Dr. Joel Wallach B.S., DVM, N.D. Dr. Joel Wallach is sometimes referred to as the godfather of liquid supplementation. He is considered a true pioneer in the fields of biomedical research and nutrition. Doctor Wallach’s 40 years of work in the field of Veterinary Medicine forms the basis to his deep understanding of nutritional health. Some of his ground breaking research includes the discovery of the effects of selenium on cancer and the essential fatty acids on heart disease. He has written more than 70 scientific papers and six books including the famous textbook, “Diseases of Exotic Animals”, still being used today by leading veterinary schools, and can also be found on display at the Smithsonian Institute where it is stored as a national treasure. Following an extensive career in Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Wallach went on to become a primary care physician of Naturopathic medicine. He has worked tirelessly as an advocate of the dietary supplement industry and has successfully lobbied the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on a number of occasions. Dr. Wallach’s forward-thinking ideas on nutritional health are clearly spelled out in his most famous lecture, “Dead Doctors Don’t Lie” which currently has more than 150 million copies worldwide, making it the most widely distributed health lecture on record. [1] Epigenetics There exist several definitions of epigenetics, and as a result, there are disagreements as to what epigenetics should mean. Epigenetics (as in “epigenetic landscape”) was coined by C. H. Waddington in 1942 as a portmanteau of the words epigenesis and genetics. Epigenesis is an old word that has more recently been used (see preformationism for historical background) to describe the differentiation of cells from their initial totipotent state in embryonic development. When Waddington coined the term the physical nature of genes and their role in heredity was not known; he used it as a conceptual model of how genes might interact with their surroundings to produce a phenotype. Robin Holliday defined epigenetics as “the study of the mechanisms of temporal and spatial control of gene activity during the development of complex organisms.” Thus epigenetic can be used to describe anything other than DNA sequence that influences the development of an organism. The more recent usage of the word in science has a stricter definition. It is, as defined by Arthur Riggs and colleagues, “the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence.” The Greek prefix epi- in epigenetics implies features that are “on top of” or “in addition to” genetics; thus epigenetic traits exist on top of or in addition to the traditional molecular basis for inheritance. The term “epigenetics”, however, has been used to describe processes which haven’t been demonstrated to be heritable such as histone modification, there are therefore attempts to redefine it in broader terms that would avoid the constraints of requiring heritability. For example, Adrian Bird defined epigenetics as “the structural adaptation of chromosomal regions so as to register, signal or perpetuate altered activity states.” This definition would be inclusive of transient modifications associated with DNA repair or cell-cycle phases as well as stable changes maintained across multiple cell generations, but exclude others such as templating of membrane architecture and prions unless they impinge on chromosome function. Such redefinitions however are not universally accepted and are still subject to dispute. In 2008, a consensus definition of the epigenetic trait, “stably heritable phenotype resulting from changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence”, was made at a Cold Spring Harbor meeting. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [2] Thiamine Thiamine or thiamin or vitamin B1 (pron.: /ˈθaɪ.əmɨn/ THY-ə-min), named as the “thio-vitamine” (“sulfur-containing vitamin”) is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. First named aneurin for the detrimental neurological effects if not present in the diet, it was eventually assigned the generic descriptor name vitamin B1. Its phosphate derivatives are involved in many cellular processes. The best-characterized form is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [3] Colloidal A colloid is a particle substance that retains its identity and remains in liquid suspension. Colloids are very small in size and therefore easily absorbed by the cells of the body. Plants convert metallic minerals into this form. Dr. Carey Reams, a well known biophysicist and biochemist, discovered that colloids can get so small they can go […]